Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Genesis Gonzalez Free Essays
Genesis GonzalezApril 18, 2018DefenseAngelia Alam ââ¬â Opening StatementMatthew Tem- ChemicalRthura Cevallos- MedicalMayra Reyes- GeologistOdorico SanNicolas- EpidemiologyGenesis Gonzalez Riley Desmarais- Companies/expert witnessesLily K. ââ¬â Closing StatementStatement of ChargeSchlichtmann charged W.R. We will write a custom essay sample on Genesis Gonzalez or any similar topic only for you Order Now Grace Company, of New York, and Beatrice Foods Company, of Chicago, claiming both companies had contaminated two municipal wells in East Woburn. W.R. Grace Company and Beatrice Foods Company are being charged individually for incorrectly disposing the following chemicals:Trichloroethylene (TCE) Tetrachloroethylene (PCE)1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA)1,2-trans-dichloroethylene (DCE)Chloroform. W.R. Grace Company and Beatrice Foods Company are both individually responsible for exposing the residents of Woburn, Massachusetts to the toxic amounts of chemicals and/or the dangerous illnesses, mental disease, and emotional sufferings brought about by the contamination of the water through chemicals in wells G and H. Some of the known causes of these exposing oneself to such chemicals are leukemia/ other cancers, damage to oneââ¬â¢s organs, neurological problems, disease, and even cardiac arrhythmias.Statement of ResponsibilityI, Genesis Gonzalez, am representing W.R. Grace ; Company along with Beatrice Foods Company. Both companies are being blamed by the plaintiffs for not properly disposing of the chemicals which were found in the wells, and they are charging us for their children becoming ill and acquiring leukemia. Neither of these companies had any involvement in the contamination of wells G and H, where the residents of Woburn received their water. Both W.R. Grace ; Company and Beatrice Foods Company followed all regulations which were required at the time of the incident. It seems the river was believed to be already contaminated before arriving to the wells, thus explaining why even though the companiesââ¬â¢ disposed chemicals into the river, leukemia did not come from either of the companies sources. There is no way the companies are to blame for the plaintiffs claims because they managed the wells not the water in those wells. Therefore, the chemicals that were used from W.R. Grace Company and Beatrice Foods Company have no relation to the children of certain residents getting leukemia, as other members from my group have tried to state and prove. They need someone to blame for this series of unfortunate events and since W.R. Grace Company and Beatrice Foods Company were local companies, they put the blame on them.Evidence for ArgumentW.R. Grace Company and Beatrice Foods Company are being held responsible for the illness and resulting deaths of children of the residents in the Woburn, Massachusetts area due to the contamination of wells G and H which, according to the parents of the children, gave them leukemia. W.R. Grace Company did dispose their waste in the river behind the plants each evening and even though it tested positive for Trichloroethylene, it could not have been the cause to the illness and death of the children. W.R. Grace Company followed all regulations to the best of their ability in that time period to keep the company safe, and they did because the chemicals they disposed of, as displayed by our experts, cannot be found in leukemia. Wells G and H were not contaminated by the companyââ¬â¢s disposal of chemicals, but rather by the flow of the river water. We have reasons to believe the river water was contaminated before it reached wells G and H. Trichloroethylene could have been part of what created leukemia, however, it was not only Trichloroethylene, which is what the plaintiffs are arguing we disposed of incorrectly. It is stated in Woburnââ¬â¢s City Hall that ââ¬Å"Woburnââ¬â¢s public water supply is over 125 years old, one of the oldest systems in the state. Development of the water supply system closely followed the growth of the cityââ¬â¢s population and industry.â⬠This statement goes to show that the water supply in Woburn was old and could have been one of the reasons for it being contaminated which makes W.R. Grace Company not to blame, but rather the government.Beatrice Foods Company purchased fifteen acres of land in the Woburn area where wells G and H belonged. The investigators found a dozen decaying barrels of waste that containedsome Trichloroethylene, but they were decaying because they were left for such a long period of time, leading to the conclusion that this could not have been a valid reason to charge Beatrice Foods Company. The decaying barrels were simply on the property Beatrice Foods Company owned, they did no damage to the river nor the wells. Hence, this charge is invalid towards this Beatrice Foods Company because the barrels were simply placed there and a photograph has proven the waste shown. ââ¬Å"Historic aerial photographs of the site showed drums of waste present on the site as early as 1968.â⬠This quote gives proof that Beatrice Foods Company had no way of contaminating wells G and H. Although Trichloroethylene was found in these barrels, as the other experts have already testified, Trichloroethylene alone could not have caused leukemia- it was the river which was contaminated with other chemicals which reacted to the Trichloroethylene. Since Beatrice Foods Company had the barrels on the side of their property it gave the wells more contact with the river. W.R. Grace Company and Beatrice Foods Company are both excellent companies and would never intentionally do anything to result i n the illness and/or death of a human being. Therefore having the plaintiffs accuse both of these companies for causing multiple illnesses and deaths for not correctly disposing of chemicals is wrong because it was not their fault. The plaintiffs saw this as an opportunity to put the blame on these big companies since they were neighboring the properties to wells G and H, along with the actions they took, but as has been proven, the disposal of the chemicals and the barrels could not have contaminated the wells. Both companies followed the regulations in place for the enhancement of a safe environment within and outside the company. No real identified harm came from the companies, it was simply an accusation to get retribution for the sickness and death of the Woburn children. The chemical, epidemiology, and medical experts, along with the geologist of this case have helped bring in evidence, along with my evidence, to display that Trichloroethylene had slight to zero ties towards leukemia, instead it was the river being alread y polluted when it reached wells G and H. How the chemicals were handled could not have caused leukemia. In the end, the government knew the people of Woburn would be drinking from wells G and H and had the responsibility to ensure the water being drank met the Federal Safe Water Drinking Act standards, making them to blame for allowing the wells to get exposed to whatever caused leukemia.Referencesâ⬠Case Summary.â⬠A Civil Action- The Woburn Toxic Trial. N.p., 14 Nov.2016. Web. 16 Apr. 2017. This reference was used in my paper to prove the actions taken against W.R. Grace Company and Beatrice Foods Company and how the plaintiffs were wrong.Chesler, David.â⬠Woburnââ¬â¢s Water Supply.â⬠Woburnââ¬â¢s Water Supply: Clean and Safe. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Apr. 2017. This reference showed it was neither W.R. Grace Company nor Beatrice Foods Companyââ¬â¢s fault the children became sick then died, but rather the governmentââ¬â¢s because they had the responsibility to ensure the safeness of the water since the public drinks from those wells.Myette, Charles F. ââ¬Å"Excerpts from Area of Influence and Zone of Contribution to Superfund Site Wells G ; H Woburn, Massachusetts.â⬠Beyond A Civil Action, U.S. Geological Survey Report. N.p.,01 Nov. 2006. Web. 16 Apr. 2017. This reference points out all of the chemicals found in the river that W.R. Grace Company and Beatrice Foods Company had no relation, thus proving it was not their fault. It also claims leukemia could not have been caused just by this one chemical that the companies were. How to cite Genesis Gonzalez, Papers
Friday, May 1, 2020
Too Legit To Quit free essay sample
Hammers success can be defined as a triumph of commercialism. Through a combination of flashy videos, liberal sampling and shameless self-promotion, the high stepping rapper pushed his second album (Please Hammer Dont Hurt Em) over the ten million mark and scored three Top Ten singles, making it the most successful rap album ever. The American public was deluged with hundreds of merchandising gimmicks and promotional schemes, all designed to exploit Hammers position and increase his fame. There came Hammer T-shirts, Hammer hats, Hammer home videos, Hammer posters, Hammer commercials, Hammer dolls, and, of course, the Hammer Saturday morning cartoon show. In short, Hammer sold out, changing from a mere dancer-rapper into a gigantic merchandising franchise. In response, he was slammed by critics, dissed by his fellow rappers, and generally isolated from the rest of the music industry. Well, now Hammer has returned with his follow-up effort, Too Legit to Quit, an album that he hopes will silence his critics and earn him some much needed respect. We will write a custom essay sample on Too Legit To Quit or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And there is some good news for those who had lost faith in the Hammer. There is no evidence of sampling to be found on this record; all of the albums seventeen tracks were written solely by the Hammer and his co-producer, Felton Pilate. It seems as if the Hammer has made a conscious turn away from sugary love songs and uninspired dance tunes characteristic of his last album, turning his bespectacled eyes toward the problems of the inner city. Unfortunately, along with the good news comes a bit of bad news: Too Legit to Quit is a very weak record. One frustrating characteristic of Hammers career so far has been his often flagrant imitation of his musical progenitor, James Brown, evidenced in everything from his musical style to his dance steps. This album is no different, with Hammer walking in the Godfathers footsteps like some musical Arthur Murray floor pattern. The similarity is most detectable on the albums requisite house-shaking dance tracks, which comprise half of the album. In fact, Hammer even goes so far as to hire a James Brown sound-alike for the albums lead-off track, This Is The Way We Roll. Unfortunately, these cuts lack the sweat-soaked vigor and intensity of Hammers Lets Get It Started LP, much less the live performances of the Godfather. Hammer employs a three-piece horn section to lend some fire to these cuts, but nothing seems to lift them into the stratosphere. Only two tracks Too Legit to Quit, the albums epic-length first single, and Burn It Up manage to live up to the precedent Hammer set with his cl assic party anthem, Turn This Mutha Out. But despite all of Hammers shameless James Brown imitations, it is Marvin Gayes unmistakable influence which is most in evidence here. Echoes of Gayes 70s work ring clearly through Hammers songs of social commentary in Brothers Hang On and Living in a World Like This. In fact, there are some very recognizable similarities between the music of Too Legit to Quit and Whats Goin On both drape blankets of social commentary over slinky, laid-back RB grooves. But while classic Gaye songs like Mercy Mercy Me soared with sweet harmonies and light funk rhythms, Hammers music sinks like a lead weight, anchored down with dreary bass lines and soggy arrangements, turning each track into a mournful dirge. Also, Hammer lacks the lyrical subtlety of Marvin Gaye; his statements are dealt in too heavy-handed a fashion. Only one of these message songs really hits the mark: Street Soldiers, a gritty, bone-chilling look a crack dealer headed down the road to self-destruction, laid over a bluesy, nocturn al Barry White groove. For the most part, Too Legit to Quit is a collection of uninspired, mediocre songs which fails to cause the stir it hoped to achieve. But one cut on the album is an absolute stand out, a beacon of light shining through the morass: Do Not Pass Me By, a lyrical plea for religious salvation, grabs hold of an old church hymn and reworks it into a glorious, foot-stomping gospel workout. Its the kind of song you want to play over and over, and its the only track on the album which effectively conveys the spirit that Hammer tries so valiantly to capture. If Hammer can continue to put together tunes as great as this, then maybe someday he really will become legit. n
Sunday, March 22, 2020
What Freedom Of Speech Means To Me Essays - Freedom Of Expression
What Freedom of Speech Means to Me To me, having the right of freedom of speech means that I can voice my opinion wherever and whenever I feel the urge to without the fear of being prosecuted. The United States would be in an extremely weak state if citizens did not have the right to freedom of speech. Without freedom of speech in our Bill of Rights, people could not necessarily stand up for what they believed in. I think that if a person has a valid point or even an unvalid point that they want to voice nothing should stand in their path. It would be nearly impossible for certain organizations to form if the United States was without freedom of speech. Freedom of speech means to me that these certain radical organizations should be and are allowed to voice their opinions and views on different issues on which some people feel uncomfortable about. These issues may involve issues that I do not agree on; however, I feel that the group of people have the right to express their beliefs. Also, freedom of speech means to me that America is one of the best countries that involves the people. There is not one person making all of the decisions for the American citizens, so it is possible to have numerous ideas in the government. People who voice their opinions can pursway the many government officials to change their positions on certain issues. If the United States did not possess the right to freedom of speech, then there would be hardly any reason for the government official to change his or her position on a certain issue. I believe that it is important for people to express their opinions and ideas so that the American public can catch a glimpse of the opposite sides of different views. I believe that freedom of speech is a great aspect of the American government, and which also illustrates that the United States is a mature nation that respects and takes into consideration all of the ideas of all of the nations' citizens.
Thursday, March 5, 2020
Free Essays on Sleep Deprivation
Causes and Effects of Sleep Deprivation Everyday we go about our day trying to complete each of our tasks. We wear ourselves out and lose something that we did not know we lost until the next morning. Sleep deprivation does not make your life any easier, and many of the effects, affect not only you but others around you. It causes a lot of unneeded problems that you and I do not like to deal with. People do not respect sleeping enough to not abuse it. If you are an athlete sleep is one of your best friends. If you do not get enough sleep it is a contributing factor to having failure in your sport. You become weak and do not have the energy that you would normally have from a good nights sleep. It can also lead to injuries because not just are you tired, but your body is struggling right along with you to keep up. Sleep deprivation can be dangerous when you are operating heavy machinery or driving. Just like when you consume alcohol and become intoxicated your body and mind wear down. You get cozy and start to feel better. Keeping your eyes open is the last thing that you want to do. When this happens for instance, while you are driving you can cause harm to yourself, or people around you. Sleep deprivation causes many deaths on the road each year because too many people fall asleep at the wheel. When you are operating heavy machinery, there is a high risk of hurting yourself. If you are dosing in and out you might fall onto a saw or slip your hand into some gears, causing yourself excruciating pain and a trip to the emergency room. On Certain days, people are in a superior mood and on other days you wish that you had never met the person. That is because they are not getting enough sleep. When your mind and body are worn out you do not care or have respect for anybody or anything. You take any of the angers or frustrations that you have out on an unexpected friend or family member. That in return can earn you a beating by people t... Free Essays on Sleep Deprivation Free Essays on Sleep Deprivation Without enough sleep, I am completely worthless. I am unable to function. The same is true with most of my friends. If the Board of Education were to start school even a half an hour earlier, they are most nearly saying that they donââ¬â¢t care about studentsââ¬â¢ performances. Most people think, that after someone has hit puberty, he/she will need less sleep than before they hit puberty, as most people think. Mary A. Carskadon says that most teenagers prefer to stay up late at night and sleep later in the morning. You might call this laziness, but Carskadon says itââ¬â¢s not a matter of choice, itââ¬â¢s a biological change their body is going through. She calls this a â⬠delayed phase preferenceâ⬠. The transition from middle school to high school is already difficult for teenagers because high school starts up to one hour earlier. And if the Board of Education decided to start school even earlier, this could dramatically reduce studentsââ¬â¢ performance. Carskadon did a study with 15 students who just made the transition from middle school to high school. Middle school started at 8:25 a.m. High school students had to be at school at 7:20. The average time it took for the students to fall asleep went from 9.5 minutes to 8.4 minutes. One st udent fell asleep in 1.8 minutes. One student even went right into REM sleep, usually the last stage of sleep. Someone who falls into REM sleep that easily is sleep deprived. Sleep deprivation directly affects studentsââ¬â¢ performance. Students who were earning Aââ¬â¢s in school were getting up to 35 to 45 more minutes of sleep per night. During the weekend, students donââ¬â¢t have to get up for school. The students earning Dââ¬â¢s/Fââ¬â¢s were sleeping longer than the students earning Aââ¬â¢s. This shows that the students earning Dââ¬â¢s/Fââ¬â¢s are more sleep deprived. Now that you have seen the statistics and heard the facts I would like you to reconsider your proposition of opening school one hour earlier. Sleep is... Free Essays on Sleep Deprivation Students need sleep in order to focus and learn to the best of their abilities. But sadly many students are sleep deprived. These students donââ¬â¢t receive the necessary 8 à ½ to 9 hours of sleep to function at their peak (Simurda, 2001). One way for students to get the necessary amount of sleep is for them to have good sleeping habits. Many teenagers donââ¬â¢t know the right time to go to bed. They tend to stay up longer than recommended either watching TV, doing homework or some other activity (Simurda 2001). This causes them to get insufficient periods of sleep. A way to counteract these negative sleeping habits is to have students learn about good sleeping habits when they are young. Students who have been educated when they were younger about sleep deprivation, and have learned to have good sleeping habits will be better prepared when they older to get the necessary amount of sleep. In order to test this hypothesis research should be done extensively. The best research method that can be used to test the hypothesis is a longitudinal study. A longitudinal study is a good research method to use because it creates an in-depth observation that can give great detail in the progression of a student from a younger age to an older. Other research methods would not be able reproduce the long period of time that is needed to test the hypothesis. By doing a longitudinal study great detailed information will be found for a long period of time. The independent variable in this study is the learning program that will teach young children proper sleeping habits. The dependent variable is the childrenââ¬â¢s response to the program, and how it will affect their sleeping habits in the future. From a longitudinal study standpoint the researcher should be able to observe whether teaching the students good sleeping habits when they are young translates in them having good sleeping habits when they are older. The researcher will observe how... Free Essays on Sleep Deprivation Causes and Effects of Sleep Deprivation Everyday we go about our day trying to complete each of our tasks. We wear ourselves out and lose something that we did not know we lost until the next morning. Sleep deprivation does not make your life any easier, and many of the effects, affect not only you but others around you. It causes a lot of unneeded problems that you and I do not like to deal with. People do not respect sleeping enough to not abuse it. If you are an athlete sleep is one of your best friends. If you do not get enough sleep it is a contributing factor to having failure in your sport. You become weak and do not have the energy that you would normally have from a good nights sleep. It can also lead to injuries because not just are you tired, but your body is struggling right along with you to keep up. Sleep deprivation can be dangerous when you are operating heavy machinery or driving. Just like when you consume alcohol and become intoxicated your body and mind wear down. You get cozy and start to feel better. Keeping your eyes open is the last thing that you want to do. When this happens for instance, while you are driving you can cause harm to yourself, or people around you. Sleep deprivation causes many deaths on the road each year because too many people fall asleep at the wheel. When you are operating heavy machinery, there is a high risk of hurting yourself. If you are dosing in and out you might fall onto a saw or slip your hand into some gears, causing yourself excruciating pain and a trip to the emergency room. On Certain days, people are in a superior mood and on other days you wish that you had never met the person. That is because they are not getting enough sleep. When your mind and body are worn out you do not care or have respect for anybody or anything. You take any of the angers or frustrations that you have out on an unexpected friend or family member. That in return can earn you a beating by people t...
Tuesday, February 18, 2020
Sociology Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
Sociology Report - Essay Example erm solution. The cause for separation and divorce is now not only marital discord which may be the initial spark, but it is also fuelled by many other factors in a society riven with exclusive commercialism, cut-throat competition, demanding lifestyles, insecure job situations, infidelity, declining moral standards, and so forth. The basic reason could be as frivolous as intolerance towards the way one eats an apple or snores while asleep, or serious ones such as physical abuse. Whatever the reason, there is no denying the fact that it leaves a trail of sadness, insecurity, and lifelong scars. Traditionally, divorce was considered taboo and was almost unheard of. If it did occur, it was talked about in hushed tones, equivalent to any disaster of very high portentous proportion. One would be willing to go to any length to achieve its prevention. Nowadays, divorce is considered even at the drop of a hat! It has become so fashionable! Globalization, business priorities, long separations in view of offshore employments, infidelity, same sex marriage, irreverence to time proven, healthy traditional values, disregard for moral and religious precepts, total subjugation to temporal, materialistic gains, have heavily eroded the sanctity and strength the family unit once observed and nourished as a rule. The discord between the couple is an excuse which allows these monstrous social and economic factors to hit the final nails into the coffin. The unceremonious example of the Prince of Wales and his glamorous wife, the late Princess Diana, and the prince's blended marriage with Camilla, is a mere reflection of the delusions and dilemmas prevalent in society today as a result of the stormy winds of unprecedented social and economic changes that have ascended like the tsunami, taking a heavy toll of family ties and values. The stigma of separation and divorce on the whole does not stop with the immediate couple involved, but it goes on to influence the whole society with the unhealthy trend serving as a case study or trend setter to others considering divorce instead of allowing a chance for an edifying shot at patching up. Also significant are cases of couples who live together before marriage. Evidence exist that show couples who live together before marriage do not understand the importance and usefulness of a planned marriage, and are more likely to get divorced before long. And even if married, the chances of their cheating on their spouses are considerably high, given their casual approach to the subject of marriage. Furthermore, the consequence begins to impact and influence their children at an early age. In real, the prevalence of sexually transmitted
Monday, February 3, 2020
Summary and opinion of women study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Summary and opinion of women study - Essay Example However, that equality drops quickly in social settings. When a woman goes into an automotive store, the salesman treats her as if a child. Sports, especially male sports, are still off limits to women. Mixed Olympic wrestling, MMA, and other sports are still male only clubs. Some might argue that women are not physically capable of these sports. However, Chyna, Serena and Venus Williams, and other women are more physically capable than men. The problem is men do not want to women to cross over into certain areas. NASCAR is a perfect example. Many owners do not want to sponsor a woman. Thus women tend to stay away from these areas. Women, especially minority women, are discriminated against. These women will take any job to help their families. Women with large families are discriminated against, married or not. Taunts are directed at these women of ââ¬ËDonââ¬â¢t you know what causes that?ââ¬â¢ or ââ¬ËYou canââ¬â¢t take care of what you have.ââ¬â¢ It is assumed that a woman with many children have a number of fathers for these children. The man needs to be held accountable as well. A mother is normally responsible for any children. Unwed fathers do not face the stigma of an unwed mother. Popular Culture tends to portray the mother or sex symbol. Ordinary women are overlooked. Hollywood ads and movies are not made about the Eleanor Roosevelts of the world. Instead June Cleaver, Roseanne, Jennifer Aniston, and so forth are promoted. Single women with power do not gain ratings. Men, on the other hand, do not age. They can still be stars long after their middle age. A woman rarely makes it past her fifties in popular culture. Rape and violence against women is a major problem in America. Husbands killing wives are in the news. Scott Peterson, Drew Peterson (no relation), and others capture the headlines. Rape in many forms is still present. The violent rape is bad, but date rape leaves a woman devastated. The power that a
Sunday, January 26, 2020
History of Tipu Sultan
History of Tipu Sultan First warfare ââ¬Å"I saw a painting prominently displayed in the reception lobby at Wallops Flight Facility, Virginia, United States of America. This place was the base for NASAs sounding rocket programme. It depicted a battle scene with a few rockets flying in the background. A painting with this theme should be the most common place thing at a Flight Facility, but the painting caught my eye because the soldiers on the side launching the rockets were not white, but dark skinned, with the racial features of South Asians.it turned out to be Tipu Sultans army fighting the British. The painting depicted a fact forgotten in Tipus own country, but commemorated here on the other side of the planet. I was happy to see an Indian glorified by NASA as a hero of warfare rocketryâ⬠. Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Former President of India, in ââ¬ËWings of Fire. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Tipu was a master strategist. Unfortunately for Indian history, his foresight and war acumen was recognised by none better than prime enemy The British in India. The Tiger of Mysore was quite simply put, just that. A Tiger to the core. Carrying on the legacy left by his indomitable father the great Hyder Ali, Tipu went on to become the quintessential thorn in the British rule in India. A close examination reveals a brilliant brain beyond the valiant warrior. The British had never been confronted in India with a more resolute and fierce contender. Tipus life-passion was to see the fall of the British in India with collective and consolidated resistance. The main focus of the external policies he displayed was that a balance was essential to restore a sense of normalcy in the governance of the country. This very balance had been tilted by the British and unless they were defeated comprehensively by a collective effort, the Indian identity would be crushed forever. Towards this end he tried to garner support from the neighbours, the other Indian powers like the Nizams and the Marathas. But their reluctance to shake out of the deep slumber of kingly comforts and complacence forced Tipu to seek alternatives. It was here that he displayed astute foresight and understanding of the art of diplomacy and war. Tipu analysed the aspects of British growth threadbare and realised that they had achieved near complete domination of the country by pitting one Indian prince against another. They had trained the Indian soldier and had ensured that it was Indian blood that was sacrificed to a larger extent in these campaigns. It was these very traits that Tipu intended to replicate when he tried to get French aid for his campaigns against the British. He yearned to see the two European giants fight each other to destruction. Just the way the Dutch eliminated the Portuguese and the English eliminated the Dutch presence in India, he hoped that the French would eliminate the English. While the French were fairly powerful, this of course would be possible only with the concerted efforts of not just the French but a cohesive and determined alliance of all Indian powers along with the French. Unfortunately for History, the British had learnt better lessons from their Anglo American wars than the French. The French failed to understand the fact that the surest way of getting at the English, akin to the American experience, was by extending massive support to the Indian powers in their struggle against the English. Despite repeated proposals from Tipu, the French failed to clutch the idea and adopted a rather timid posture as far as the Britishers in India were concerned. Regular visits by emissaries to France failed to convince the French that a golden opportunity to seize the initiative against the British indeed existed. It was only when the great Napoleon came to power and realised the validity of Tipus thought process did the French agree to pitchfork alongside the Mysorean. Destiny had her own designs. Napoleon, who had written to Tipu from Egypt and promised to arrive in India to start the revolution against the British, was stopped at Syria and the British had by t hen realised that Tipu was the primary instrument that would pivot the scales in the southern peninsular India. The ââ¬Ëcohesive and concerted efforts policy of Tipu was not dependent entirely on the French. He had understood that of the four main players of Peninsular India, the other three being the Marathas, the Nizam and the British, it required the combined efforts of three powers to reduce the fourth power. Even the British, were not as powerful in the south as they were in the northern parts of India, Bengal in particular. The strong presence of the Marathas and the Hyder- Tipu combine had proven to be an entirely different predicament. The weak Nizams had also proven to be stronger than the Mughal Emperor. While the three Indian powers combined to achieve victories in the First and Second Wars of Mysore, the Nizam and the Marathas colluded with the British to engineer the defeat of Tipu in the third Mysore War. The diplomatic vision that drove Tipu to reach out to partners, the determination to follow that vision, even in the face of repeated betrayals are truly remarkable. The sole reason for the policy to fail was because the other Indian powers refused to shed their myopia. They failed to realize the magnitude and the implications of British imperialism. The swim against the heavy British tide was indeed lonely and in the end, unsuccessful for Tipu, however, the application of Diplomacy as an art backed up with unstinted courage in war very nearly upset the English applecart. This paper studies the military genius of Tipu Sultan with special emphasis on his foreign and diplomatic policies. The paper will also attempt to bring out the relevance of his policies in the present day.
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